• Preliminary cleaning, e.g., after machining
  • Deburring and cleaning
  • Intermediate cleaning during production processes, e.g., after grinding and polishing
  • Final cleaning with passivation, e.g., before packaging and sterilization
  • Cleaning integrated into assembly
  • Surface treatment, e.g., roughening to improve osseointegration
  • Surface activation, e.g., before coating or bonding
     
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